By Paul Conant
Following Kant, I have taken lately to using the terms "noumena"
and "noumenal world" to describe the reality behind the
phenomenal world of appearances.
If one concedes a noumenal world, does not that open a Pandora's
box of delusional thinking from untutored enthusiasts? Unfortunately,
that is the case. In fact this is why Ernest Jones, Freud's collaborator,
convinced Freud to suppress a discussion of phenomena known
under the heading of telepathy. However, Freud eventually did reveal his
thoughts in New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis.
Freud points out that if one were to say the earth's core contains
carbonic acid, that idea would be viewed with suspicion, but as not
altogether inconceivable. However, if one claimed the core is composed of
jam, we have a right to dismiss the claim out of hand, jam coming from
human actions on fruit. So, though one is entitled to reject some
claims prior to examination, Freud is concerned that claims about
occult phenomena may sometimes be rejected too quickly. He recalled
the negative reaction that greeted his ideas about unconscious
influences and sexual impulses.
In this light, Freud cites the scientific derision that greeted those
who claimed that certain rocks found on the ground had fallen from the
sky or that shells found on mountains implied that that terrain had
once been seabed.
Using the term "occult" in the sense of unseen influences without
suggesting a spirit domain, Freud sees much of
occultist literature as representing a reflection
of the anti-rationalism found among humans. Even scientists, after the
conference is over, enjoy poking fun at their own activities; serious
men enjoying a joke (and, as Freud observed, jokes reflect a need of
the unconscious for irrationality, relief from "control"). So Freud is
saying that occultist literature often expresses the strong
anti-rationalist impulses common to all humans. We like to suspend the
cold laws of nature, the machine-side of existence.
He grants that it may be "hard to avoid suspicion that the interest in
occultism is a religious" ploy to overturn hard science, whereby the
occultists are secretly trying to aid religion, but he argues, "at some
point, we must overcome our disinclinations."
A problem is that "we are told that in fact our unbelieving -- that is
to say, critical -- attitude may prevent the expected phenomena from
happening." Freud is talking here about seances and mediums, most
of whom he sees as charlatans. However, as pointed out in my paper,
Toward a Signal Model of Perception, the reality construction process
described there could very well be limited by negative belief.
Toward a signal model of perception
http://paulpages.blogspot.com/2013/03/toward-signal-model-of-perception.html
At any rate, Freud sees a "real core of yet unrecognized facts in occultism around which
cheating and phantasies have spun a veil which is hard to pierce."
In the particular case of telepathy, most reported instances can be dismissed, he says. But a
few remain that are hard to wave away. Freud insists he remains
neutral on the subject, but it is clear that he is quite persuaded of
something odd going on.
He asserts that in a telepathic dream the telepathic element plays the same
role as any other residue (dream "trigger") of the day.
Freud gives an example of a man who dreamed his wife had twins; not long
after, his daughter, who was some distance away, gave birth to twins
(this was in the era before technology might have tipped him off).
Freud weighs in with a psychoanalytic explanation, but nevertheless
concedes what appears to be a telepathic element, which even so may have a
natural explanation.
Freud's discussion of another situation -- his patient P's thought
transference with respect to "Dr.
Forsyth" -- would be dismissed by many probabilists on the random
coincidence idea as discussed in Toward. However, it is often the case
that those who have such experiences as described by Freud regard them
as meaningful. There is a "shock of recognition" or a "strumming of an
inner cord" that in my estimate may sometimes equate to a realization
that we are seeing some effect of a noumenal world. Jung gave the
name synchronicity to effects of the noumenal world; others describe
such effects as the work of the realm of spirits. I could defend the
idea of spirit as that part of the personality that inhabits the
noumenal world, analogous to a software program inhabiting a mainframe
computer. If the software program were conscious, it would not
directly relate to the mainframe.
"One is led to the suspicion," maintains Freud, that telepathy is "the original,
archaic method of communication between individuals and in the course
of phylogenetic evolution it has been replaced with the better method
of giving information via signals which are picked up by the sense
organs."
Freud relates a report of Dorothy Burlingham, a psychoanalyst and
"trustworthy witness." (She and colleague Anna Freud did pioneering
work in child psychology.)
A mother and child were in analysis together. One day she spoke during
analysis of a gold coin that had played a particular part in one of
her childhood experiences. On returning home, her boy, who was about
10, came to her room and gave her a gold coin which he asked her to
keep for him. Astonished, she asked him where he had got it. It turned
out that it had been given him as a birthday present a few months
previously, but there was no obvious reason why he had chosen that
time to bring her the coin.
Freud sees this report as potential evidence of telepathy. One might
also suspect it as an instance of "synchronicity" or the reality
construction process described in Toward..
At any rate, a few weeks later the woman, on her analyst's
instructions, sat down to write an account of the gold coin incident.
Just then her child approached her and asked for his coin back, as he
wanted to show it during his analysis session.
Freud argues that there is no need for science to fear telepathy
(though his collaborator, Ernest Jones, certainly seems to have feared the
ridicule the subject might bring); he is even open-minded about other
paranormal phenomena. His suspicion that such phenomena are occurring
via some unknown pathway never convinced him to renounce his atheism.
Thursday, October 10, 2013
Freud on telepathy
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